‘Game changer’ AI detects hidden heart attack risk

Technology that identifies people at risk of a heart attack in the next 10 years has been hailed as “game changing” by scientists.

The artificial intelligence (AI) model detects inflammation in the heart that does not show up on CT scans, which involve a combination of X-rays and computer technology.

A pilot project, supported by NHS England, is running at five hospital trusts in Oxford, Milton Keynes, Leicester, Liverpool and Wolverhampton.

A decision on its use within the NHS is expected within months.

Its developer, Oxford University spinout company Caristo Diagnostics, said it was already working to adapt the technology to prevent strokes and diabetes.

“This technology is transformative and game changing because for the first time we can detect the biological processes that are invisible to the human eye, which precede the development of narrowings and blockages [within the heart],” said Prof Keith Channon, from the University of Oxford.

As part of the pilot, patients suffering from chest pain who are referred for a routine CT scan, have their scan analysed by Caristo Diagnostics’ CaRi-Heart AI platform.

An algorithm, which detects coronary inflammation and plaque, is then assessed by trained operators to verify the accuracy.

Research has shown increased inflammation is linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and fatal heart attacks.

The British Heart Foundation (BHF) estimates approximately 7.6 million people are living with heart disease in the UK and the annual cost to the NHS in England is £7.4bn, according to government figures.

About 350,000 patients are referred for a cardiac CT scan each year in the UK, said the BHF.

The Orfan study (Oxford Risk Factors and Non-invasive imaging) involving 40,000 patients and published in the Lancet, found that 80% of people were sent back to primary care without a defined prevention or treatment plan.

Focusing on that cohort, researchers said they found that if patients had inflammation in their coronary arteries, they had a 20 to 30 times higher risk of dying from a cardiac event over the next 10 years.

The study, funded by BHF, found that by using the AI technology, 45% of those patients were prescribed medication or encouraged to make lifestyle changes to prevent the risk of future heart attacks.

Ian Pickford, 58, from Barwell in Leicestershire, was referred for a CT scan in November 2023, after experiencing persistent chest pain.

He was enrolled in the Orfan study at the University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust.

The double-glazing salesman has now been prescribed statins, told to quit smoking and increase his exercise after tests using the AI analysis suggested he was at risk of having a heart attack.

“It’s a huge wake-up call,” Mr Pickford said.

“And when you see it on paper, you realise how serious it is. It’s something you can look at each day and think, ‘I’ve got to do something about this’.”

Prof Charalambos Antoniades, Orfan study lead, said the tools available until now were primitive because risk calculators could only assess general risk factors, such a whether a patient is diabetic, smokes or is obese.

He said: “Now, with this kind of [AI] technology, we know exactly which patient has the disease activity in their arteries before the disease has even developed.

“This means we can move early to end the disease process and treat this patient to prevent the disease from developing and then prevent heart attacks from happening.”

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence is currently assessing the technology to determine whether it should be rolled out across the NHS.

It is also under review in the US and has been approved for use in Europe and Australia.